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 * CCT333 Tutorial 10: Human Scale Ergonomics, Fordism, Taylor Scientific Management, Frank Gilbreth's 'Therbligs' and McDonaldization**

View 'Human Scale Ergonomics' (7:16) at [] and 'Ford and Taylor Scientific Management (Edited) ' (7:24) [|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdI&playnext=1&list=PL2A000E18D0DE9E4B and] and 'Frank Gilbreth Bricklaying Ergonomics' (2:11) [] and 'McDonaldization' (2:24) []
 * Videos:**


 * Tutorial 10 Wiki Questions and Answers:**

Write three paragraphs to define the term 'ergonomics'. (3 paragraphs)
Ergonomics reduces work related stress. It is a more comfortable and simpler way of carrying out daily activities at the workplace. Ergonomics is a way of structuring and building materials and tools in the workplace that are better adapted to the human body in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the worker.

Ergonomics can also be defined as effective tool for improving productivity especially with jobs and tasks that require a lot of repetitive movements.For instance, consider typing on the keyboard. This is a task common to most if not all areas of the working population regardless of field. Even students type daily. Designers are constantly finding New ways of re-designing the keyboard in a way that averts injury.

In the video, several ergonomic issues were addressed with different solutions to the problems they posed. For instance, instead of having a fixed and immovable computer screen and monitor, the "M7 Monitor Arm" allows easy back and forth movement of the computer monitor and ultimately reduces stress on the back, eyes and affords better posture. In summary, ergonomics fits the demand of the workplace to the working population. It ultimately reduces the risk of stress disorders and muscle injuries.

What is the 'Gilbreth system of motion analysis' (1 paragraph)
Gilbreth system of motion analysis is a method that was pioneered by Frank Gilbreth as a way of eliminating unnecessary and potentially harmful movement in accomplishing different tasks. He mainly focused on body movements involved in brick laying. Gilbreth studied the way bricklayers worked on the field in order to come up with a solution to increase the longevity of the workers ability to work over long periods of time. For Instance, instead of seven years of a bricklayers working life, Gilbreth's solution could now double that number.During his analysis, he found that a lot of the brick layers were bending down to pick up bricks bending almost as low as the body could afford. He deemed this as movement that was not useful. He decided that if he placed the bricks at a height that did not require bending from the brick layers, this would improve efficiency and more importantly, ensure that the workers could work in safer conditions over a long period of time. He did this to avoid the wear and tear associated with Taylorism and Fordism. It improved the workers jobs and quality of life significantly.

How was Henry Ford influenced by the efficiency expert, Frederick Taylor? (2 paragraphs)
Henry Ford, the founder of the ford motor company, also invented the quadricycle. The car was time consuming to make and could only be afforded by the rich upper class in the society. Ford wanted a way of making this luxury also available at a cheaper rate to other members of the society. The way to do this would be to increase output at a faster pace. Frederick Taylor, an efficiency expert at production and manufacturing would then be invited to do analysis on the workers and the time it took to make one car. Taylorism was then introduced. He increased productivity of workers from different professions ranging from brick laying to type-writing. Frederick Taylor divided the jobs that were previously done by skilled craftsmen. He divided the job into simple repetitive steps. This increased production.

Henry Ford built his cars "from the frame up on stationery wooden horses."(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdI&playnext=1&list=PL2A000E18D0DE9E4B%20and) After watching a the documentary filmed by his company on Taylorism, Henry ford noticed that the men had to go to each station to work on the cars. He decided to bring the cars to workers rather than vice versa. He then tested this out by pulling the car to the men and letting them work on it. Ultimately, the workers "became an integral part of the great machine". The total time taken to make each car was reduced and Ford was able to pay higher wages to willing workers.

In the video, McDonaldization is defined as the process by which principles of fast food restaurants are applied to society. The four basic principles of this process are listed below.
1.) Efficiency: best route to a goal

2.) Predictability: that things are always the same

3.) Calculability: the focus on quantity rather than quality.

4.) Non-human technology: focusing on technology itself and minimizing opportunity for human error.